Vitamins synthesis by intestinal bacteria

Although, by definition, vitamins required by man cannot be synthesized within the tissues, it is important to note that bacteria within the gut can synthesis many of the vitamins required by man. The human intestinal bacteria can synthesize vitamin K, a member of the naphtoquinone family.

Vitamin K2 also called menaquinone also is a product of metabolism of most bacteria including the normal intestinal bacteria of most higher animal species. The vitamin K bacterial reactions occur, in part, in the ileum, where the menaquinone is absorbed.

Among bacteria involve in synthesizing vitamin K are: Bacteroides spp., Eg. Lenta, Propionibacterium spp., Veillonella spp., staphylococci, enterococci enterobacteria.

Most of the vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) required by humans comes indirectly from the meat and milk of ruminants. The synthesis of B12 is ruminant is exclusively bacterial origin. It appears most of the bacterially formed B12 I human occurs in the large bowel. It was demonstrated that E. coli, Bifidobacterium spp., Veillonella spp., Fusobacterium spp., Eurobacterium spp., and Clostridium spp., among the bacteria that synthesized B12 in the small intestine.

Folic acid and thiamine B complex vitamins are also synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract. Other vitamins synthesized by intestinal bacteria are:
*Biotin
*Folic acid (B2)
*Pantothenic acid (B5)
*Niacin (B3)
*(Pyridoxine) B6
Vitamins synthesis by intestinal bacteria

Folic Acid and Cobalamin

Folic Acid and Cobalamin
Folic Acid
Folic acid is required for the formation of blood cells by the bone marrow and is involved in the formation of the blood pigment hemoglobin. It is also required for the synthesis of some amino acids. Deficiency symptoms involve pernicious anemia. Nuts, dried beans, turnips, lentils, corn and shredded wheat are good sources of this vitamin, while liver and wheat bran are excellent.

Cobalamin
B12 or cobalamin is a very complex chemical compound. This vitamin is required for the normal development of red blood cells, and a deficiency in it causes acute pernicious anemia and a variety of other disorders. The exact requirement of vitamin B12 is yet unknown, since some B12 is synthesized by bacteria in the intestine. The organs of animals are excellent sources of vitamin B12 and the muscles of warm-blooded animals and fish are good sources.
Folic Acid and Cobalamin

B Vitamins – Niacin, Pyridoxine and Biotin

B Vitamins – Niacin, Pyridoxine and Biotin
Niacin (nicotinic acid) is one of vitamin B. This compound is part of an enzyme system regulating reduction reactions in the body. It is also a compound that dilates blood vessels. Deficiency of niacin causes pellagra (a disease that causes diarrhea, dermatitis, nervous disorders, and sometimes death). The requirement for niacin is about ten times that for thiamin. Beef, hog and lamb livers are excellent sources of niacin. Other organs and the musculature of these animals are good to fair sources.

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is part of the enzyme system that remove CO2 from the acid group (COOH) of certain amino acids and transfers amine groups (NH2) from one compound to another in the body. It is also needed for the utilization of certain amino acids. Deficiency manifestations are dermatitis around the eyes, eyebrows, and angles of the mouth. They may so be a sensory neuritis and a decrease in certain white blood cells and increase in others. Bananas, barley, beef and beef organs, cabbage, raw carrots, yellow corn, lamb and the organs of lamb, malt ,molasses, peanuts, pork and the organs of hogs, potatoes, rice, salmon, sardine, tomatoes, tuna, wheat bran and germ, flour and yams are goods to excellent source of pyridoxine.

Biotin is reported to be a coenzyme in the synthesis of aspartic acid, which plays a part in a deaminase system and in other processes involving the fixation of carbon dioxide. Deficiency of this compound is unusual, but can be demonstrated by the feeding of raw egg white, which contains the substance, avidin, which ties up biotin. Deficiencies of biotin cause scaling skin, skin lesion and a deterioration of nerve fibers. Due to the production of biotin by microbiological flora of the intestine, the requirement for this compound is not known, Liver is an excellent source of biotin, and peanut, peas, beans, and whole cooked eggs are good sources.
B Vitamins – Niacin, Pyridoxine and Biotin